The Netherlands telecoms regulator, ACM, proposed regulation of wholesale access provided by KPN in March 2015. Following the expression of serious doubts by the European Commission in a letter of 30 April 2015, the ACM revised its draft decision in July 2015, but nevertheless concluded that KPN had SMP and proposed price controls on copper loops, fibre to the cabinet (VDSL) and fibre to the premises (FTTP).

In this paper Plum considered the appropriate form of market governance given national competition from cable, a rapid transition from copper loops, VDSL and FTTP, and the development of voluntary access terms including long-term (seven year) agreements with key access seekers.